The ability of an individual to achieve despite significant disadvantages.

An adult who can serve as an example of achievement and a model of behavior that leads to achievement for an underachieving child.

Less instinctive responses to a child’s underachievement that may lead the child to change their actions and achievement patterns in the future.

Instinctive responses to a child’s underachievement that reinforce the actions that led to failure.

The tendency of a parent to invest in their children’s interests and pursuits and empathize with their success and failures.

A tendency of a child to identify with the parent who they perceive as most like himself or herself.

The tendency of a child to identify with the more powerful (from the child’s perspective) of two parents.

The tendency of a child to identify with the more caring of two parents.

A child’s imitation of the actions of adults or caregivers.

The study of a theory, problem or issue’s origin.