Is when a student who is proficient in a subject helps a struggling student. There are clear advantages to both parties in peer tutoring: The tutor gains a deeper level of understanding through expanding on prior knowledge. This happens through summarizing, paraphrasing, and visualizing the subject matter for the tutee.

A means to measure the validity or effectiveness of a given evaluation method by comparing the scores in one test to those of another. The degree of accuracy of a test increases the closer its scores correlate to the scores of another assessment criteria of a related attribute.

An examination of the degree to which a test’s content and the instructional content preceding the test match.

The goals of a lesson or teaching strategy focused on the students’ attitudes and values.

A situation in which students only appear to be performing the appropriate tasks, but are not engaged in the learning or involved in a meaningful way.

The objectives of students who are driven first and foremost by a desire to gain external recognition and to achieve high academic standards.

The objectives of students who are driven first and foremost by a desire for self-improvement and knowledge acquisition. They are also referred to as mastery goals.

The desire to accomplish something successfully and to partake in activities in which success comes from personal effort and skills.

A theory that associates motivation with the likelihood and incentive value of success.

A theory of motivation premised on the notion that the propensity for individuals to achieve and perform depend on their expectations of reward.