The process of acquiring skills in working with and knowledge about words including facts expressed in words.

The stage in Piaget’s theory of moral development in which children believe rules to be immutable and that they will thus be punished automatically for breaking them.

According to Erikson, the set of critical issues that individuals must address as they pass through each of the eight life stages.

Summarizing text by combining and connecting the ideas of several different selections through the use of students’ interpretation of the material.

A relational status created between the general or main idea of a passage and the overall text.

To summarize or restate something spoken or written in one’s own words. In doing so, one substitutes synonyms into the place of existing words, rearrange existing words, or both.

The statements in a passage that capture the key ideas concerning the central topic.

A version of the GRASP strategy, which includes the following steps: surveying the chapter or section, talking about what the student remembered from the survey, scanning the chapter for missing information, discussing with the teacher about the survey results and organizing information into an outline by topic, careful independent reading

A reading strategy (used under teacher guidance) in which students read to collect information and try to remember as much as possible, list what they remember after the reading, reread the material to add to, delete, and correct information, and then organize information according to their details.

Sources of content that is explanatory, such as some information found in content-area reading.