The objectives of students who are driven first and foremost by a desire for self-improvement and knowledge acquisition. They are also referred to as mastery goals.

The desire to accomplish something successfully and to partake in activities in which success comes from personal effort and skills.

A theory that associates motivation with the likelihood and incentive value of success.

A theory of motivation premised on the notion that the propensity for individuals to achieve and perform depend on their expectations of reward.

A personality trait that determines whether people ascribe responsibility to internal or external factors when it comes to understanding their successes and failures.

A theory of motivation that examines how people understand and give reasons for the causes of their successes and failures.

An individual’s ability to develop and attain his or her fullest potential.

The requirements, identified by Maslow, essential for knowing, appreciating, and understanding. These needs are often satisfied after basic needs are met.

The fundamental requirements, identified by Maslow, for physical and psychological well-being.

Educational methods and curriculum, generally at the primary level, that group children of different ages within the same class. These are also referred to as cross-age grouping programs.