A grouping method in which students placed in classes of varying abilities are assigned to reading or math classes based on their performance levels in each subject.

A teaching method which places students in groups of varying abilities holds each student to high standards of learning while providing them with a variety of ways to attain those standards.

A teaching framework that emphasizes specific elements that teachers have direct control over quality, appropriateness, incentive, and time.

A program designed to develop various cognitive abilities, which involves students working through a set of paper-and-pencil exercises.

A problem-solving technique in which the learner identifies the goal (ends), the present situation, and the method through which to attain the goal (means) to decrease the perceived gap between the ends and the means.

A study strategy in which students, in pairs, take turns verbally summarizing portions of material.

A learning method in which students gradually build basic skills into more complex ones.

A learning method in which students begin by solving complex problems and then, with teacher guidance, discover the necessary basic skills for completing such tasks.

A process involving mental action in which a learner develops expertise through interaction with an expert, adult or a more experienced peer.

The application of information acquired in one particular situation to new contexts.