During the fourth phase of the reading development process, reading is used to acquire new ideas to gain new knowledge, to experience new feelings, to acquire new attitudes, and to explore issues from multiple perspectives. Reading includes the study of textbooks, reference works, trade books, newspapers, and magazines that contain new

During the third phase of the reading development process children are beginning to read familiar stories and text with increasing fluency. This is accomplished by consolidating the foundational decoding elements, sight vocabulary, and meaning in the reading of stories and selections that the child is already familiar with.

During the second phase of the reading development process children are learning the relationships between letters and sounds and amongst printed and spoken words. The child begins to read stories with high-frequency words and phonically regular words and uses emerging skills and insights to “sound out” new one-syllable words.

During the initial phase of the reading development process children sample and learn from a full range of multiple sounds, words, concepts, images, stories, exposure to print, literacy materials, and just plain talk during the first five years of life.

An achievement growth model that articulates a student’s growth compared to other students with comparable prior test scores.

A student growth model that measures achievement growth from year-to-year by subtracting the previous year (initial) score from the current year (final) score.

Are behaviors or actions that are meant to marginalize or negate the thoughts, ideas, feelings or reality of people in disenfranchised groups.

Are attitudes, behaviors or verbal messages that convey a lack of compassion, empathy or insult a persons heritage, identity or group membership.

The daily verbal, nonverbal, and ecological slights, brushoffs, or disrespectful comments; deliberate or accidental, which convey threatening, pejorative, or damaging messages to people predicated exclusively upon the fact that they belong to a disenfranchised group.

A means to measure the validity or effectiveness of a given evaluation method by comparing the scores in one test to those of another. The degree of accuracy of a test increases the closer its scores correlate to the scores of another assessment criteria of a related attribute.