Text that consists of systematic sound-spelling connections based on frequency and phonic principles.

The meticulous perception and comprehension of units of text which requires almost no effort to recognize new words in whole or in part.

Words that students can correctly identify as they read, but only after a careful examination of the visual images of the words.

A plan for the writing process to help students structure, organize, and manage their writing.

A writing activity and composition strategy in which students are given time and space to prewrite, draft, revise, and edit their written work for publication or sharing with others.

The author’s viewpoints on the various aspects of writing, including the expressive, poetic or imaginative, and expository elements.

Class exercises for writing instruction based on the specific needs of students, which focus on distinct aspects of written language, such as spelling and punctuation, that are unfamiliar to the learners as well as broader elements of language such as prewriting, paraphrasing, and editing.

Any structure of standard visual signs intended for communication. Examples include letters, numerals, and ideographs.

A stage in the writing process in which the writer mentally reviews and tests out different versions of a piece of work before making a final selection.

The back-and-forth quality of writing. Writing is necessarily a recursive process: as the writer modifies his/her work, they often go back in their writing to rephrase or add new elements to the previously written material.