Text that helps emergent readers anticipate what the authors will say through rhythmical or repetitive patterns.

Images in a book which provide hints and indications about the text by invoking certain words in the reader’s mind.

A measure used for analysis in reading instruction which uses the size of the visual stimuli, for example, a letter, syllable, word, sentence, or passage.

Words that do not conform to the usual conventions of pronunciation.

The part of a syllable including a single consonant, consonant blend, and consonant digraph, which comes before the first vowel of the syllable.

A set of words, whether in written or verbal forms, of which a person has comprehension.

Hints and indicators within a specific context, which allow students to decipher the meaning of unfamiliar words. Students recognize that, practically, they can only use a limited number of word choices to retain the intended meaning of a passage.

A set of words understood within or through verbal language.

A word, usually known to the learner that is used to signify a specific phonic unit.

The concepts and any associated words which may come to a person’s mind for a given topic. In other words, the schema that is triggered from a person’s memory when he/she encounters new material.