A reading technique designed to help teachers to observe and assess students’ engagement with the reading process. Teachers are then able to identify strengths and weaknesses, and plan appropriate lessons regardless of the domain, teaching method, or curriculum involved.

A form of communication-related to the creation of images—such as graphs, charts, maps, clusters, drawings, and murals—that is used to understand the text.

Communication through visual representations; conveying meaning through the use of images.

A pedagogical method that encourages student input in their learning and emphasizes authentic learning activities in literacy instruction by including meaningful contexts.

A technique in which a reader uses information from his or her prior knowledge or a personal association with the text’s content.

Independent activities that cultivate positive attitudes, interests, and literacy habits.

A reader who uses the strategies, and possesses the skills and reading level appropriate for his or her age and grade.

A set of rules which allows for a message to be interpreted based on the social positioning of the author and audience as well as within its social context.

The act of generating and transmitting a verbal or written message.

The process of receiving, deciphering, and understanding a written or oral message.