An examination of a reader’s deviations from the text, which informs the teacher of whether a reader is reading for meaning and of how the reader uses graphophonic, semantic, and syntactic signs.

A variation of the cloze test, in which a reader selects from a choice of several words rather than delete words from a passage.

The threshold at which a student can comprehend 75% of the content read aloud, which often serves as an indicator of a reader’s ability to comprehend oral language or for reading expectancy. It is also known as listening comprehension level.

A structural guide in the reading process in which readers use graphophonic, syntactic, and semantic signs to recognize words and predict meaning.

An evaluation method in which a teacher determines which types of environments will provide students with the most meaningful and effective reading experiences.

The standard of reading ability at which students are challenged but not frustrated to allow them to read successfully in the ordinary teaching and classroom environment.

An assessment method, in which students read a series of passages and answer questions, through which the teacher can observe students’ reading strategies, select relevant reading material, ascertain three student reading levels, and become informed about students’ strengths and weaknesses.

The standard at which a learner is able to read and comprehend without assistance from someone else comfortably.

A structure for literacy development in which the reader uses clues from sounds and symbols to recognize words and predict meaning.

The threshold for reading output beyond which students are unable to continue reading due to the difficulty of the material despite having had instruction and guidance.