The ability to understand oral language, ranging from understanding the literal meaning to engaging in a critical evaluation of the message.

The act of focusing carefully on sounds in spoken language with the goal of acquiring the message being communicated.

A concept in the meaning of certain words that do not evoke a clear visual image. Examples of such words include way, there, and democracy.

A technique that focuses on learning specific vocabulary words before, during, and after young children read a collection of storybooks that contain those same words.

A graphic representation used to organize an idea about its relevant qualities as well as to examples and nonexamples of the idea.

Various methods that use context and word parts to ascertain the meanings of words.

Images created by an online tool, which visually highlight words that frequently occur in the source material.

A learning strategy for the introduction of new vocabulary and overall organization of a selection by representing key terms visually. The following steps are usually involved: listing the key terms; arranging the terms to highlight relationships between ideas; adding words familiar to the student in order to develop the identified

The opposite ends of a spectrum used to differentiate various shades of meaning.

A word grouping technique that allows the organizer to determine and engage with a range of different classifications.