The systematic structures that highlight the key elements of a story, including the setting, initiating event, a reaction, a goal, an attempt, an outcome, and a solution.

A list of keywords meant to guide the organization of written stories through enumeration, generalization, comparison or contrast, sequencing, or question and answer. Through the structure provided, students can express their knowledge of the narrative structure.

An environment which actively uses social media through online communities, creative platforms such as “zines,” collaborative problem-solving, and blogging.

An in-depth reading of, interpretation and analysis of, and reflection on a novel or set of related stories.

Small groups of students read the same book and gather regularly during class time to discuss the book in a deeper way. The hope is that this method improves reading comprehension and critical thinking in a fun, interactive way. The circles can be comprised of a few students who have

Categories of writing styles which are determined by various characteristics such as narrative technique, tone, or content.

A method that assists emergent readers in selecting material at an appropriate reading level.

A medium for informal writing having two columns for two different varieties of student responses to the text.

A format for the teaching of reading, developed by Susan McMahon and Taffy Raphael, in which students select the books they wish to read, discuss them in small groups, and share their reflections with the whole group.

In QARs, the quality associated with an answer to questions that can be found in the text but require students to synthesize materials within the text.