Refers to reasoning that allows a person to think of that specific event back to what the general principle was that caused the event.

Is reasoning that allows a person to think from general principles to a specific event.

Is a process of criticizing literary text, a philosophical text, or political theory. It entails a breakdown of the rational purposes, or logos, of earlier Western philosophy that was believed to govern the universe.

Refers to behavior that responds to a stimulus that doesn’t normally cause that reflexive response. (Also known as “reflexive conditioning” or “classical conditioning.”)

Refers to whether or not a test has content validity, i.e., if it measures the knowledge it was designed to measure.

Are assessments with consistent and predetermined elements, administration, and scoring.

Refers to how widely measured values differ from the mean value. High standard deviations imply that scores varied widely from the mean value, irrespective of what the mean value was. It is given as a numerical value.

Refers to the process of providing information to learners about their progress.

Refers to the representative group that the students being tested are being ranked against comparatively. This takes place in norm-referenced testing.

Refers to a statistical data distribution pattern. Certain data, when graphed as a histogram (data on the horizontal axis, amount of data on the vertical axis), creates a bell-shaped curve known as a normal curve, or normal distribution. Normal distributions are symmetrical with one central peak at the mean (average)