The ability to think and make decisions for oneself, act for oneself, and set one’s direction.

Student papers that serve as examples of poor, medium quality, and high-level mastery for a given assignment.

Scoring in which a single score is provided based on the rubric for an answer or project. Holistic scoring does not provide the detailed level of diagnostic information that analytic scoring does, but it can be easier to design this type of rubric and grade assignments using this method.

Scoring in which each component area of the scoring rubric is reported independently, providing greater information about the strengths and weaknesses in student work.

An assessment tool for grading student work that breaks down the components on which an answer or project will be graded as well as outlining the levels of achievement.

The display of samples of student work.

A recording of a student speaking used to provide information about their ability to use language, as well as their vocabulary, articulations, syntax, and semantics.

The modification of typical instruction to better understand specifics about a student’s receptive to expressive language.

The rules by which words are grouped into phrases and sentences that convey meaning.

One or several letters that represent a unit of meaning; a whole word, prefix or suffix.