Comprehension of the meaning of words; a well-developed capability to understand spoken or written communication and to speak or write in a way that allows their meaning to be understood.

The theory that because knowledge is socially constructed, it is heavily influenced by society and the cultural setting in which it is developed.

Sources with information on a topic that is based entirely on other sources, not firsthand experience.

Teachers can act as provocateurs of thought by sparking their students’ interest in learning. This can be done by asking engaging questions and providing the class with thought-provoking materials.

The use of talking aloud by children to organize their thoughts and plans. As children get older, they may undertake this same process silently.

Firsthand accounts of information on a subject that, in some cases, allow children to ask questions of or interact directly with an information source. Examples include interviews with experts and field visits.

An individual’s capacity for recognizing and grouping objects in nature.

A student’s aptitude for discerning pitch, tone, and rhythm.

Rhymes, acronyms, or other mental tricks employed to aid with memory.

Objects that a student can handle and which are designed to aid learning of topics such as shape, grouping, categorization, series, etc.