The Edvocate

Top Menu

Main Menu

  • Start Here
    • Our Brands
    • Governance
      • Lynch Educational Consulting
      • Dr. Lynch’s Personal Website
      • Careers
    • Write For Us
    • Books
    • The Tech Edvocate Product Guide
    • Contact Us
    • The Edvocate Podcast
    • Edupedia
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Privacy Policy
  • PreK-12
    • Assessment
    • Assistive Technology
    • Child Development
    • Classroom Management
    • Early Childhood
    • EdTech & Innovation
    • Education Leadership
    • Equity
    • First Year Teachers
    • Gifted and Talented Education
    • Parental Involvement
    • Policy & Reform
    • Special Education
    • Teachers
  • Higher Ed
    • Best Colleges and Universities
    • Best College and University Programs
    • Diversity
    • HBCU’s
    • Higher Education
    • Higher Education EdTech
    • International Education
  • Advertise
  • The Tech Edvocate Awards
    • The Awards Process
    • Finalists and Winners of The 2022 Tech Edvocate Awards
      • Finalists and Winners of The 2021 Tech Edvocate Awards
      • Finalists and Winners of The 2020 Tech Edvocate Awards
      • Finalists and Winners of The 2019 Tech Edvocate Awards
      • Finalists and Winners of The 2018 Tech Edvocate Awards
      • Finalists and Winners of The 2017 Tech Edvocate Awards
    • Award Seals
  • Apps
    • GPA Calculator for College
    • GPA Calculator for High School
    • Cumulative GPA Calculator
    • Grade Calculator
    • Weighted Grade Calculator
    • Final Grade Calculator
  • The Tech Edvocate
  • Pedagogue
  • P-20 Ed Careers

logo

The Edvocate

  • Start Here
    • Our Brands
    • Governance
      • Lynch Educational Consulting
      • Dr. Lynch’s Personal Website
        • My Speaking Page
      • Careers
    • Write For Us
    • Books
    • The Tech Edvocate Product Guide
    • Contact Us
    • The Edvocate Podcast
    • Edupedia
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Privacy Policy
  • PreK-12
    • Assessment
    • Assistive Technology
    • Child Development
    • Classroom Management
    • Early Childhood
    • EdTech & Innovation
    • Education Leadership
    • Equity
    • First Year Teachers
    • Gifted and Talented Education
    • Parental Involvement
    • Policy & Reform
    • Special Education
    • Teachers
  • Higher Ed
    • Best Colleges and Universities
    • Best College and University Programs
    • Diversity
    • HBCU’s
    • Higher Education
    • Higher Education EdTech
    • International Education
  • Advertise
  • The Tech Edvocate Awards
    • The Awards Process
    • Finalists and Winners of The 2022 Tech Edvocate Awards
      • Finalists and Winners of The 2021 Tech Edvocate Awards
      • Finalists and Winners of The 2020 Tech Edvocate Awards
      • Finalists and Winners of The 2019 Tech Edvocate Awards
      • Finalists and Winners of The 2018 Tech Edvocate Awards
      • Finalists and Winners of The 2017 Tech Edvocate Awards
    • Award Seals
  • Apps
    • GPA Calculator for College
    • GPA Calculator for High School
    • Cumulative GPA Calculator
    • Grade Calculator
    • Weighted Grade Calculator
    • Final Grade Calculator
  • The Tech Edvocate
  • Pedagogue
  • P-20 Ed Careers
  • The Future of Teacher Professional Development

  • Make Your School Safer with Tech

  • Transform Your Education Technology Marketing Strategies

  • Surprising Places Where Edtech Outshines America

  • Study Strategies for Your Style of Learning

  • Why Your Classroom Needs Online Learning

  • How Much Should Your ELearning Cost?

  • Main Ideas: Everything You Need to Know

  • First Year Survival Tips for a School Principal

  • Here’s Why You Should Learn Mandarin Chinese

EdTech & Innovation
Home›EdTech & Innovation›4 Keys to Motivating Reluctant High School Readers

4 Keys to Motivating Reluctant High School Readers

By Dr. Gene Kerns
August 12, 2021
2730
0
Spread the love

By the time many students reach high school, their motivation to read is at its lowest. These simple tips will increase student interest in reading both in and out of school.

By Dr. Gene Kerns

As students and teachers return to the classroom for in-person instruction this fall—many for the first time since the pandemic began—educators are faced with an array of new challenges, from learning loss to students who are no longer accustomed to the routines of the classroom and even have lingering trauma from a harrowing year. Nevertheless, the perennial challenges, such as encouraging reluctant high school students to read more, remain.

There is no magic method to get students of any age to read, but a handful of achievable best practices will encourage high school students to read without sacrificing a lot of time in the crucial school year ahead.

Student Age and Declining Reading Motivation

It’s likely no surprise to most educators that high school students read less than younger students, but the paucity of their reading, particularly among the most reluctant readers, is shocking.

For his book Raising Kids Who Read, Daniel Willingham polled teachers and parents of high school students and found they were hoping their pupils read approximately 75 minutes a day. When he looked up the actual numbers from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics’ American Time Use Survey, he found that “the actual time American teenagers spend reading is 6 minutes” per day, going on to note the stark reality obscured by the average is that “most kids don’t read at all, and a few read quite a lot.”

Unsurprisingly, this leads to a virtuous cycle for the top readers, who become more skilled as they practice more and are able to tackle ever more challenging texts, while those who need reading practice the most get the least practice and lag ever further behind their peers.

Willingham suggests that for many of these students, the challenge is simply a lack of pleasure in reading, noting that “for many students, ‘reading’ means books written by dead people who have nothing to say that would be relevant to your life. Nevertheless, you are expected to pore over their words, study them, summarize them, analyze them for hidden meaning, and then write a five-page paper about them.”

Fortunately, a simple cause of the problem suggests an equally straightforward solution. According to Willingham, the best way to help students develop a positive attitude toward reading is to provide positive reading experiences. “This phenomenon is no more complicated than understanding why someone has a positive attitude towards eggplant,” Willingham writes. “You taste it and you like it.”

Below are 4 strategies to employ to increase student interest and engagement in reading: 

1. Help Students Set Achievable Reading Goals

According to Willingham, the gentlest pressure that is likely to encourage a reluctant student to read more is to set aside some class time every day for silent pleasure reading. He suggests that scheduling just 20 minutes a day is enough, and our data suggest that for any amount of time to produce an optimal effect, students must set reading goals.

The first kind of goal to help students set is reading time. The 20 minutes of pleasure reading in class is a good start, but for struggling readers, a goal of 30 minutes each day or even as much as 60 minutes may be appropriate.

The second kind of goal for students relates to reading material. Students who read a diverse range of texts of varying lengths tend to have higher reading achievement, so it’s important to encourage struggling readers to tackle an array of books, along with shorter media such as magazine features, newspaper articles, or graphic novels.

The third and final kind of goal to help students determine for themselves is reading effort. It may seem difficult to track effort, but it is tied to literal comprehension. High literal comprehension is a strong indication that students are putting in effort, while low literal comprehension suggests they aren’t.

2. Distinguish Between Academic and Pleasure Reading

Academic reading can offer enjoyment to some, but when crafting academic reading assignments, Willingham notes that “pleasure is not the litmus test.” As a result, it’s important to help students delineate between academic and pleasure reading. Here, Willingham gets right to the point, noting his concern “that kids might confuse academic reading with reading for pleasure. If they do, they’ll come to think of reading as work, plain and simple.” 

Unlike the various litmus tests we consider for academic reading (Is this text challenging enough? Does it align to our curriculum? What open-ended questions can I pose? What evidence-based writing could students do in response to their reading?), pleasure reading is for just that: pleasure. This may seem like a simple matter, but for struggling readers, many of whom may never have found pleasure in reading, dedicating time and providing a comprehensive choice of texts for pleasure reading can, for the first time, begin an association between pleasure and reading.

3. Manage Reading Practice—But Not Too Rigidly

If we want students to enjoy reading, we have to give them the opportunity to pick material they think they’ll like. Reading more challenging texts generally leads to more growth, and reading widely across genres and topics is also beneficial, but with struggling readers, the first hurdle is simply getting them to read. Pushing students too hard is an easy way to drain the joy from reading.

Teachers are often concerned when students choose books below their reading level, but reading something is clearly better than reading nothing. Sometimes we need to push students less to give them the room to find success and joy in reading first.

4. Use All Available Resources

In 1996, when I was still teaching high school, a colleague and I won a grant that provided a massive infusion of books for our school library. That haul proved to be a critical motivator for our students. If your collection is limited or old, students are less likely to engage with it. Something as simple as a new cover can generate renewed interest in a classic title. Taking cues from bookstores to display your classroom or library collection more invitingly can help get more noses in books too.

Digital reading platforms can also be a massive reservoir of motivation, providing students with thousands of books and articles they can begin reading within a few clicks—no trip to the library or fighting over popular titles required. According to Willingham, affordable e-readers offering this kind of instant access make possible an environment in which books are not “just available, but virtually falling into children’s laps.”

Reading practice programs are another great resource that can help teachers and students set reading goals, make it easier for students to find books they’ll love with just the right amount of challenge, and allow teachers to keep an eye on reading practice unobtrusively through quizzes and other tools.

Dr. Gene Kerns (@GeneKerns) is vice president and chief academic officer at Renaissance. He is a third-generation educator and has served as a public-school teacher, adjunct faculty member, professional development trainer, district supervisor of academic services, and academic advisor at one of the nation’s top edtech companies. He has trained and consulted internationally and is the co-author of three books. He can be reached at [email protected].

Previous Article

University Campus Security Apps, Tools, and Resources ...

Next Article

Silent Reading Is Not the Best Fluency ...

Dr. Gene Kerns

Related articles More from author

  • EdTech & Innovation

    Kentucky schools awarded broadband access award

    April 2, 2015
    By Matthew Lynch
  • Early Childhood & K-12 EdTechEdTech & InnovationSTEM

    7 Benefits of STEM Education

    January 12, 2019
    By Matthew Lynch
  • EdTech & Innovation

    4 Ways Digital Technology has Changed K-12 Learning

    January 22, 2016
    By Matthew Lynch
  • EdTech & Innovation

    What are the Top 20 EdTech Opportunities?

    August 2, 2016
    By Matthew Lynch
  • Adult EducationAsk An ExpertAssessmentAssistive TechnologyBlack Boys in CrisisBullyingChild DevelopmentClassroom ManagementDisabilitiesEarly ChildhoodEarly Childhood & K-12 EdTechEdTech & InnovationEdTech FuturesEdTech Startups & BusinessesEducation LeadershipEducation NewsElementary EducationElementary SchoolEquityFeaturedFirst Year TeachersFreshGamificationGifted and Talented EducationHigher EducationHigher Education EdTechK-12Middle SchoolModern ParentingOnline Learning & eLearningOpEducationParental InvolvementParentingPersonalized LearningPodcastPolicy & ReformRetention & Social Promotion SeriesSpecial EducationSTEMTeacher EducationTeachersTestingYear-Round Schooling

    The Edvocate Podcast, Episode 3: Why Teacher Shortages Occur

    September 14, 2018
    By Matthew Lynch
  • EdTech & Innovation

    Twig Education Announces Launch of Twig Create Multimedia Makerspace

    March 24, 2021
    By Chris Piehler

  • Artificial Intelligence

    3 Reasons Why AI Can Be Your New Teaching Sidekick

  • Artificial Intelligence

    What will AI Mean for Higher Education?

  • Artificial IntelligenceDigital Leadership

    The Real Reason Your School Avoids Artificial intelligence

Search

Registration and Login

  • Register
  • Log in
  • Entries feed
  • Comments feed
  • WordPress.org

Newsletter

Signup for The Edvocate Newsletter and have the latest in P-20 education news and opinion delivered to your email address!

Subscribe to The Edvocate Podcast

Apple PodcastsGoogle PodcastsAndroidby EmailRSS
  • Recent

  • Popular

  • Comments

  • The Future of Teacher Professional Development

    By Matthew Lynch
    May 21, 2022
  • Make Your School Safer with Tech

    By Matthew Lynch
    May 21, 2022
  • Transform Your Education Technology Marketing Strategies

    By Matthew Lynch
    May 20, 2022
  • Surprising Places Where Edtech Outshines America

    By Matthew Lynch
    May 20, 2022
  • Study Strategies for Your Style of Learning

    By Matthew Lynch
    May 20, 2022
  • 18 Reasons the U.S. Education System is Failing

    By Matthew Lynch
    April 3, 2017
  • The Top 5 Unexpected Benefits of Early Childhood Education

    By Matthew Lynch
    February 29, 2016
  • 7 Benefits of STEM Education

    By Matthew Lynch
    January 12, 2019
  • What is Culturally Responsive Pedagogy?

    By Matthew Lynch
    April 21, 2016
  • pass or fail

    Black Boys in Crisis: Why Aren’t They Reading?

    By Matthew Lynch
    January 16, 2017
  • Quality, Affordable Master's In Education Degrees Online - Barry
    on
    May 20, 2022

    The top 7 reasons to pursue a Master’s degree, besides the paycheck

    […] a master’s degree ...
  • The 12 Distance Learning Rules for Students and Teachers
    on
    May 20, 2022

    How Can You Take the Distance Out of Distance Learning?

    […] you can’t stand ...
  • Benefits of Debating: Everything You Need to Know - Entelechy
    on
    May 18, 2022

    120 Debate Topics for High and Middle School Students

    […] Here are some ...
  • Is My Student's High School Rigorous Enough? - Helping Your College Student Succeed
    on
    May 18, 2022

    Academic rigor: you’re doing it wrong and here’s why

    […] are or the ...
  • STEM Education - My Blog
    on
    May 16, 2022

    7 Benefits of STEM Education

    […] conclusion, STEM education ...

Ask an Expert

  • Ask An Expert

    How Dumbed Down Education Is Creating a National Security Crisis

    Spread the loveFor the past few decades, our country’s educational system has seen both struggle and tremendous change. With the various ailments plaguing our educational system, education reforms have attempted ...
  • Ask An Expert

    21 Inspirational Quotes That Nelson Mandela Made About Education

    Spread the loveWe all have our heroes. Those human beings that seem larger than life and almost achieve Godlike status. One of my heroes is the late-great Nelson Mandela, who ...
  • Ask An ExpertAssistive TechnologyCareer ReadinessChild Development TechClassroom ManagementDigital & Mobile TechnologyDigital LeadershipDisabilitiesDiversityEarly ChildhoodEarly Childhood & K-12 EdTechEdTech & InnovationEducation LeadershipElementary EducationElementary SchoolEquityFirst Year TeachersFreshHigh SchoolK-12Middle SchoolModern ParentingParent & Family TechParental InvolvementParentingPersonalized LearningPodcastPolicy & ReformPreK-12Special EducationSTEMTeacher EducationTeachers

    The Edvocate Podcast, Episode 7: How Digital Age Teachers Can Win Over Parents

    Spread the loveEducation is a collaborative process, as it takes many stakeholders working in unison to help students succeed academically. One of the most integral parts of this collaborative team ...
  • Ask An ExpertAssessmentAssistive TechnologyBlack Boys in CrisisChild Development TechClassroom ManagementDigital & Mobile TechnologyDigital LeadershipDisabilitiesEarly ChildhoodEarly Childhood & K-12 EdTechEdTech & InnovationEdTech Policy & ReformEducation LeadershipElementary EducationElementary SchoolEquityFeaturedFirst Year TeachersFreshGamificationGifted and Talented EducationHBCU'sHigh SchoolHigher EducationK-12Online Learning & eLearningOpEducationPersonalized LearningPodcastPolicy & ReformRetention & Social Promotion SeriesSpecial EducationSTEMTeacher EducationTeachersTesting

    The Edvocate Podcast, Episode 6: 8 Ways That Digital Age Teachers Avoid Burning Out

    Spread the loveBeing a teacher is a tough job. So much so, many new teachers end up leaving the field within their first three years. To ensure that the next ...
  • Ask An ExpertAssessmentAssistive TechnologyBlack Boys in CrisisBullyingChild DevelopmentChild Development TechClassroom ManagementCurrent Ed NewsDigital LeadershipEarly ChildhoodEarly Childhood & K-12 EdTechEdTech & InnovationEdTech Policy & ReformEdTech Startups & BusinessesEducation LeadershipEquityFeaturedFirst Year TeachersFreshGamificationGifted and Talented EducationHBCU'sHigh SchoolHigher EducationHigher Education EdTechK-12Matthew LynchModern ParentingOnline Learning & eLearningOpEducationPersonalized LearningPodcastPolicy & ReformRetention & Social Promotion SeriesSpecial EducationSTEMTeacher EducationTeachersTestingYear-Round Schooling

    The Edvocate Podcast, Episode 5: The Archetype of a Great Teacher

    Spread the loveOne of the questions that I am frequently asked is, what does a good teacher look like? I respond by mentioning my 10th-grade Biology teacher, Mrs. Minor, and ...

International Education

  • International Education

    How International Baccalaureate (IB) Programs Work

    Spread the loveThe International Baccalaureate Program is a very intensive pre-college program in which when students get involved, they get college credit. Unlike most other learning initiatives, this program deeply ...
  • International Education

    Globalization: Everything You Need to Know

    Spread the loveGlobalization is the growing interconnectedness of countries around the world. It involves increasing communication and various forms of interaction between people of different nations, ethnicities and cultures. There ...
  • AssessmentEducation LeadershipHigher EducationInternational EducationProfessional DevelopmentTeachers

    So You Want to Attend Graduate School: The 411 on Grad School Admissions Tests

    Spread the loveApplying for admission to professional and graduate schools is no less competitive than college/undergraduate admissions. If you’re planning to pursue a degree in business, law, medicine, or graduate ...
  • Higher EducationInternational Education

    What Extracurricular Activities Impress Colleges the Most?

    Spread the loveWhen you apply to schools that offer holistic admissions or apply to a college using the Common Application, you will have to describe your participation in extracurricular activities. ...
  • Higher EducationInternational Education

    Tips for Working on a College Group Project

    Spread the loveIt can be a great experience to work together and do a group project in college. But it can also be a nightmare if there is no cooperation ...

Early Childhood Education

  • Early ChildhoodLanguage Education

    Long Vowels: Everything You Need to Know

    Spread the loveLong vowels are special vowel types that sound exactly like the letters which comprise them. Long vowels are typically taught after short vowels because while it seems less ...
  • Early Childhood

    What is a Digraph (vowel)?

    Spread the loveA vowel digraph refers to the distinctive perception of one sound when two vowels are placed together in one word. e.g., ow, oa, ie, ea. For learners, vowel ...
  • Early Childhood

    What is a Digraph (consonant)?

    Spread the loveA consonant digraph refers to the distinctive perception of one sound when two consonant letters are placed together in one word, e.g., ch, ng, sh, ph. It’s important ...
  • Early Childhood

    Modifications: Everything You Need to Know

    Spread the loveThis term refers to the adjustments made to what a child is required to learn in school. Some common examples of modifications include reworded questions in easier language, ...
  • Early Childhood

    Wraparound Services/Programs: Everything You Need to Know

    Spread the loveThese are programs that have social measures available for children who are at risk.  Hypothetically, these services are engineered toward developing a strong sense of self and the ...

Gifted and Talented Education

  • Gifted and Talented Education

    Twice-Exceptional: What Does it Mean?

    Spread the loveTo be twice-exceptional is to be exceptionally gifted in some academic aspects while being below average compared to peers in other aspects. As a matter of fact, such ...
  • Gifted and Talented Education

    A Guide to Talent Search Programs

    Spread the loveThe Talent Search Initiative has as its aim; the identification of high-performing students by organizing specific tests. Different avenues are then provided for these students to channel their ...
  • Gifted and Talented EducationK-12

    Homogeneous Grouping: What You Need to Know

    Spread the loveThis term refers to the grouping of students by mental capability, aptitude, or hobbies. For instance, gifted students are placed in one group, and students with special needs ...
  • Gifted and Talented Education

    Cluster Grouping: What You Need to Know

    Spread the loveThis term describes a manner of classifying gifted students to place them in properly segmented classrooms. For example, about five to seven extremely bright pupils with comparable skill ...
  • Gifted and Talented EducationHigher Education

    Merit Scholarships: Everything Your Need to Know

    Spread the loveThese are monetary gifts awarded by institutions to superbly gifted students, who have set themselves apart by their exceptional performance in schoolwork, regardless of whether they require the ...

Black Boys in Crisis Series

  • Black Boys in Crisis

    The Importance of Mentoring Young African-American Males

    Spread the loveTeachers need to realize that at home, in their neighborhoods, and in school, many students face difficulties that can interfere with learning. Compared to their middle-class counterparts, it ...
  • Black Boys in CrisisDiversityEquity

    7 Ways That Black Students are Discriminated Against in U.S K-12 Schools

    Spread the loveAfrican Africans have a long history of being mistreated in the United States, starting with slavery. It should come as no surprise that their children face the same ...
  • Ask An ExpertAssessmentAssistive TechnologyBlack Boys in CrisisChild Development TechClassroom ManagementDigital & Mobile TechnologyDigital LeadershipDisabilitiesEarly ChildhoodEarly Childhood & K-12 EdTechEdTech & InnovationEdTech Policy & ReformEducation LeadershipElementary EducationElementary SchoolEquityFeaturedFirst Year TeachersFreshGamificationGifted and Talented EducationHBCU'sHigh SchoolHigher EducationK-12Online Learning & eLearningOpEducationPersonalized LearningPodcastPolicy & ReformRetention & Social Promotion SeriesSpecial EducationSTEMTeacher EducationTeachersTesting

    The Edvocate Podcast, Episode 6: 8 Ways That Digital Age Teachers Avoid Burning Out

    Spread the loveBeing a teacher is a tough job. So much so, many new teachers end up leaving the field within their first three years. To ensure that the next ...
  • Ask An ExpertAssessmentAssistive TechnologyBlack Boys in CrisisBullyingChild DevelopmentChild Development TechClassroom ManagementCurrent Ed NewsDigital LeadershipEarly ChildhoodEarly Childhood & K-12 EdTechEdTech & InnovationEdTech Policy & ReformEdTech Startups & BusinessesEducation LeadershipEquityFeaturedFirst Year TeachersFreshGamificationGifted and Talented EducationHBCU'sHigh SchoolHigher EducationHigher Education EdTechK-12Matthew LynchModern ParentingOnline Learning & eLearningOpEducationPersonalized LearningPodcastPolicy & ReformRetention & Social Promotion SeriesSpecial EducationSTEMTeacher EducationTeachersTestingYear-Round Schooling

    The Edvocate Podcast, Episode 5: The Archetype of a Great Teacher

    Spread the loveOne of the questions that I am frequently asked is, what does a good teacher look like? I respond by mentioning my 10th-grade Biology teacher, Mrs. Minor, and ...
  • Ask An ExpertAssistive TechnologyBlack Boys in CrisisBullyingChild DevelopmentChild Development TechClassroom ManagementDisabilitiesDiversityEarly ChildhoodEarly Childhood & K-12 EdTechEdTech & InnovationEdTech Policy & ReformEducation LeadershipElementary EducationElementary SchoolEquityFeaturedFirst Year TeachersFreshGifted and Talented EducationHigh SchoolHigher EducationHigher Education EdTechK-12Middle SchoolModern ParentingOnline Learning & eLearningParent & Family TechParentingPersonalized LearningPodcastPolicy & ReformSecondary EducationSTEMTeacher EducationTeachersTesting

    The Edvocate Podcast, Episode 4: How to Create a Culturally Responsive Classroom

    Spread the loveBuilding a culturally responsive classroom is hard. To help you along your journey, here is your guide to exploring and respecting the cultural backgrounds of your students while ...

RSS Matthew on Education Week

  • Au Revoir from Education Futures November 20, 2018 Matthew Lynch
  • 6 Steps to Data-Driven Literacy Instruction October 17, 2018 Matthew Lynch
  • Four Keys to a Modern IT Approach in K-12 Schools October 2, 2018 Matthew Lynch
  • What's the Difference Between Burnout and Demoralization, and What Can Teachers Do About It? September 27, 2018 Matthew Lynch
  • Revisiting Using Edtech for Bullying and Suicide Prevention September 10, 2018 Matthew Lynch

About Us

The Edvocate was created in 2014 to argue for shifts in education policy and organization in order to enhance the quality of education and the opportunities for learning afforded to P-20 students in America. What we envisage may not be the most straightforward or the most conventional ideas. We call for a relatively radical and certainly quite comprehensive reorganization of America’s P-20 system.

That reorganization, though, and the underlying effort, will have much to do with reviving the American education system, and reviving a national love of learning.  The Edvocate plans to be one of key architects of this revival, as it continues to advocate for education reform, equity, and innovation.

Newsletter

Signup for The Edvocate Newsletter and have the latest in P-20 education news and opinion delivered to your email address!

Contact

The Edvocate
5322 Markel Road, Suite 104
Richmond, VA 23230
(601) 630-5238
[email protected]

Follow us

Copyright (c) 2022 Matthew Lynch. All rights reserved.