An activity in which the teacher reads aloud from a book while students follow along with a large book, personal copies of the book, or from a class chart.

A reading activity in which people, usually adults, read something aloud and discuss new ideas or words to engage the learners.

A written symbol for a phoneme (unit of sound). Examples include f for /f/or ph for /f/ and oy for /oi/ as in boy.

A form of spelling which assists the development of phonological awareness and is appropriate to the stages of spelling development (precommunicative, semi-phonetic, phonetic, and transitional). It is also referred to as invented or temporary spelling.

Assessment tools which measure the development of the strategies and subskills emphasized in a reading series or text based on grade-level.

The act of describing what one has read, which can provide insight into the reader’s ability to engage with, understand, interpret, and draw conclusions from the text.

Evaluation methods which use technology to measure increasingly complex tasks and a wide variety of skills.

The threshold at which a student can comprehend 75% of the content read aloud, which often serves as an indicator of a reader’s ability to comprehend oral language or for reading expectancy. It is also known as listening comprehension level.

An assessment method, in which students read a series of passages and answer questions, through which the teacher can observe students’ reading strategies, select relevant reading material, ascertain three student reading levels, and become informed about students’ strengths and weaknesses.

The standard at which a learner is able to read and comprehend without assistance from someone else comfortably.