A personality trait that determines whether people ascribe responsibility to internal or external factors when it comes to understanding their successes and failures.

The requirements, identified by Maslow, essential for knowing, appreciating, and understanding. These needs are often satisfied after basic needs are met.

The fundamental requirements, identified by Maslow, for physical and psychological well-being.

Educational methods and curriculum, generally at the primary level, that group children of different ages within the same class. These are also referred to as cross-age grouping programs.

A grouping method in which students placed in classes of varying abilities are assigned to reading or math classes based on their performance levels in each subject.

A teaching method which places students in groups of varying abilities holds each student to high standards of learning while providing them with a variety of ways to attain those standards.

A problem-solving technique in which the learner identifies the goal (ends), the present situation, and the method through which to attain the goal (means) to decrease the perceived gap between the ends and the means.

A study strategy in which students, in pairs, take turns verbally summarizing portions of material.

A learning method in which students gradually build basic skills into more complex ones.

A process involving mental action in which a learner develops expertise through interaction with an expert, adult or a more experienced peer.