A child’s rank on a standardized test as expressed in terms of the number of students out of 100 who performed at or below the student’s score.

A child’s score on a standardized test expressed as the percentage of students in a normal distribution who would have performed at or below the student on the test.

The documentation of an elementary school student’s progress through descriptive summary or overview rather than a report card. The narrative report details skills, behaviors and learning goals mastered.

The use of naturally occurring events to assess a child’s development, particularly that of infants and toddlers. Information is gathered through observation, classroom tasks, or other naturally occurring events.

A written performance assessment based on the curriculum taught in the classroom. The assessment uses the student’s work to measure skill mastery and learning priorities.

The documentation of a family and its interaction with people, locations, and events using a loosely-structured interview.

A written record for documenting a particular student or group of students’ activities at a given time.

A written record kept by the teacher of skills or behaviors he or she wants the students to exhibit in the classroom.

Written records about a class’s progress toward a learning standard or other educational goal made by the teacher.

Daily notes, anecdotes, and detailed running records documenting observations made of a student.