A problem-solving technique in which the learner identifies the goal (ends), the present situation, and the method through which to attain the goal (means) to decrease the perceived gap between the ends and the means.

A study strategy in which students, in pairs, take turns verbally summarizing portions of material.

A learning method in which students begin by solving complex problems and then, with teacher guidance, discover the necessary basic skills for completing such tasks.

A process involving mental action in which a learner develops expertise through interaction with an expert, adult or a more experienced peer.

The application of information acquired in one particular situation to new contexts.

Replies to questions that the whole class makes in unison.

Throughout a lesson, the order in which teachers ask particular students to respond to questions.

The duration in which a teacher waits for a student to respond to a question.

A teaching strategy in which a teacher provides an example of how to solve a problem and model the students’ thought processes.

A high degree of organization, directness, simplicity, and effective use of language involved in a teaching session or presentation of concepts.