A program designed to develop various cognitive abilities, which involves students working through a set of paper-and-pencil exercises.

A problem-solving technique in which the learner identifies the goal (ends), the present situation, and the method through which to attain the goal (means) to decrease the perceived gap between the ends and the means.

A learning method in which students begin by solving complex problems and then, with teacher guidance, discover the necessary basic skills for completing such tasks.

A process involving mental action in which a learner develops expertise through interaction with an expert, adult or a more experienced peer.

Throughout a lesson, the order in which teachers ask particular students to respond to questions.

The duration in which a teacher waits for a student to respond to a question.

A teaching strategy in which a teacher provides an example of how to solve a problem and model the students’ thought processes.

A high degree of organization, directness, simplicity, and effective use of language involved in a teaching session or presentation of concepts.

A technique for teaching concepts in which the teacher presents a rule or definition through examples and then demonstrates how the examples fit the rule.

The level of readiness to engage in a lesson in students’ attitudes or behavior.