The legal case that determined that a standardized test in fact unjustly favored white students. The court found that “because the test was standardized to a white, middle-class group, it was inappropriate to use for tracking decisions.” Despite other, similar, court cases, and despite the growing evidence of inequality, testing

  The Supreme Court ruling decision in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954 changed the course of education in America, and indeed American society, forever. In its landmark decision, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of African American and European American children in public schools was

This was a group of black students admitted to Central High in Little Rock, Arkansas, following the Brown ruling. In the face of fierce opposition from the local white community, the students entered the school in the fall of 1957, protected by the 101st Airborne Division, which had been mobilized

In 1972, sex-based discrimination in public and private schools receiving federal funds was prohibited by federal legislation in the form of Title IX. Title IX has been interpreted, reinterpreted, and misinterpreted in many cases to refer (more or less) to athletic programs and the scholarships associated with them, but the

A report commissioned in 1983 by the National Commission on Excellence in Education which suggested that the nation’s education system was not reaching the standards of excellence and rigor necessary. It also opined that other problems with the U.S. education system placed the nation at risk of falling well behind

This happens when a teacher neglects to provide information or guidance that could have prevented bodily injury to a student. For example, a science teacher fails to teach students proper safety measures and guidelines for an experiment, and a student subsequently spills chemicals on his or her skin, resulting in

In a 1979 study, Frederick Jones found that nearly 50% of teaching time was wasted due to children’s misbehavior, of which approximately 80% was spent talking in class. Jones suggested that teachers could work on not losing the valuable time by implementing the following techniques: set limits, effective body language,

Research by Jacob Kounin, who was inspired by William Glasser, found that the difference between teachers is not how they deal with misconduct, but how they prevent it in the first place. His conclusion listed four factors that underlie classroom management success. First is “with-it-ness,” which refers to the teacher’s

A child psychiatrist who studied students from low-income neighborhoods In New Haven, Connecticut, developed the Comer Process which focuses on child development in urban schools. The Comer process is based on six interconnected pathways which lead to healthy child development and academic achievement. The pathways are physical, cognitive, psychological, language,

The RAT Model, developed by Dr. Joan Hughes, allows teachers to self-assess their integration of technology in the classroom. According to the RAT Model, digital technology can be used as replacement, amplification, or transformation in the classroom. Replacement refers to the use of technology that in no way changes instructional