A process before the reading period, in which students identify words that may appear in the text, to cultivate their ability to use expectancy cues.

Text that helps emergent readers anticipate what the authors will say through rhythmical or repetitive patterns.

Words that do not conform to the usual conventions of pronunciation.

A set of words, whether in written or verbal forms, of which a person has comprehension.

A word, usually known to the learner that is used to signify a specific phonic unit.

Words that students can correctly identify as they read, but only after a careful examination of the visual images of the words.

A tool for vocabulary development in which students record new words taken from stories, LEAs, or journals, under the appropriate letter and then write a sentence using the word as well as draw a picture to reinforce the word’s meaning.

The standard or widely practiced formulation of letters to form a word, which is accepted as the correct arrangement of letters.

A writing activity and a form of the act of writing in which students experience writing within a social context. It often involves one or more partners, and a university tutor who provide instruction or act as role models throughout the process.

A learning tool, also called a chair of “distinction,” on which students sit when sharing their written work with classmates.