A type of homograph that are identical in spelling, but have different meanings and are pronounced differently.

A specific situation or environment created to provide sufficient information for a learner to ascertain the meaning of a particular word.

A study tool for the examination of relationships between certain words.

An organizational technique in which students group words in ways that fit the particular criteria given by the teacher.

Words that frequently occur together. Examples include, “happy” and “birthday,” and “bacon” and “eggs.”

A large surface on which learners can post the words they are studying or frequently encountering in their reading and writing.

Words that students encounter in print and recognize without hesitation and with ease.

A process before the reading period, in which students identify words that may appear in the text, to cultivate their ability to use expectancy cues.

Text that helps emergent readers anticipate what the authors will say through rhythmical or repetitive patterns.

Words that do not conform to the usual conventions of pronunciation.