The educational philosophy that purports that teachers who produce better student outcomes should be paid more.

Are tests in which the students being tested are not compared to a norm-group, but rather are required to reach a predetermined standard. All students may be required to achieve an average above a certain percentage or to obtain full marks to be considered as having successfully completed the assessment.

Refers to a statistical distribution of measurement. Its function is to show the frequency with which a phenomenon is repeated. A certain distribution is expected, where, the high and low range will turn out to be similar, and the majority of scores will be distributed in the center.

Are theories that we take for truths, often without consciously analyzing, evaluating, or questioning them in any way.

The art, science, and practice of teaching. Pedagogy is a complex term, as it involves everything that an instructor does to facilitate the teaching and learning process.

Refers to what binds subject knowledge with pedagogy. Pedagogical content knowledge might be viewed as a profound understanding, interpretation, and adaptation of the curriculum, which may only be achieved by a profound knowledge of the subject, the curriculum, and the students. It refers to the way that the teachers organize

The well-documented phenomenon that students can unlearn some of the knowledge they worked so hard to attain when too much consecutive time is taken off from school. Research shows that it takes anywhere from 8 to 13 weeks at the beginning of every school year for new teachers to get

When a grownup intervenes in the learning process by giving the student assistance which in turn helps the student learn at a faster rate than they would have if they were left to their own devices.

Is based on the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. According to this principle, children shall be assessed fairly so that they can be placed in appropriate classes. This principle includes nondiscriminatory education for African American and other racial minority children.

Refers to lesson planning and curriculum design that focuses on students where they are, rather than the standardized, one-size-fits-all approach. Teachers are proactive in arranging varied approaches to the material be learned. Differentiated instructional strategies are student-centered and focus attention on how students learn and how the learning will be