Refers to how widely measured values differ from the mean value. High standard deviations imply that scores varied widely from the mean value, irrespective of what the mean value was. It is given as a numerical value.

Refers to the process of providing information to learners about their progress.

Tests are evaluated by descriptive criteria. Monitoring is an evaluating method of the informative assessment technique.

Refers to the mathematical average of a group of scores, giving a value that is representative of the overall scores.

The educational philosophy that purports that teachers who produce better student outcomes should be paid more.

Are tests in which the students being tested are not compared to a norm-group, but rather are required to reach a predetermined standard. All students may be required to achieve an average above a certain percentage or to obtain full marks to be considered as having successfully completed the assessment.

Is feedback provided by an educator focused on the area where the student excelled or made a mistake.

Refers to a statistical distribution of measurement. Its function is to show the frequency with which a phenomenon is repeated. A certain distribution is expected, where, the high and low range will turn out to be similar, and the majority of scores will be distributed in the center.

Are theories that we take for truths, often without consciously analyzing, evaluating, or questioning them in any way.

The art, science, and practice of teaching. Pedagogy is a complex term, as it involves everything that an instructor does to facilitate the teaching and learning process.