The events in a student’s past that may get in the way of his or her development and learning.

A method for measuring a student’s developmental skills across a broad range of topics. This can include assessing whether anti-social behavior exhibited by the student warrants further evaluation and intervention.

The use of emotional relationships between an adult and child in teaching situations or guidance.

An individual’s biases and beliefs about the process of receiving information through the sense of hearing.

Processing language and other sounds through the sense of hearing and decoding the sounds to make meaning of them.

A teaching approach that involves thinking critically about different perspectives, questioning established methodologies, and trying new practices based on emerging understanding.

A way of listening that does not answer client questions, debate ideas or provide advice, but simply mirrors the client’s ideas back to them.

Scoring in which a single score is provided based on the rubric for an answer or project. Holistic scoring does not provide the detailed level of diagnostic information that analytic scoring does, but it can be easier to design this type of rubric and grade assignments using this method.

An assessment of a child’s classroom performance that is based on information from several sources.

A statistical measurement of how well a test question differentiates between students at various levels of abilities or with differing characteristics.