A phase in which children develop logical reasoning skills and the ability to comprehend conversations but are only able to apply these skills effectively in contexts and situations familiar to them.

The ability to carry out a mental function and then undo one’s thinking back to the point of departure.

The propensity to focus on a partial or single dimension of an object or event.

A developmental phase in which children learn to represent things in the mind.

The notion that an object exists despite it being out of sight.

Instinctive, innate, and automatic responses to stimuli. An example includes, eye blinking in response to bright light.

Principles of general application that have been meticulously tested and found to apply in a wide variety of situations.

A set of principles that explains certain phenomena and makes connections between certain precepts.

The degree to which teachers perceive their efforts to be determinative of the success of their students.

Acting with a purpose; teachers employing intentionality plan their lessons according to the particular results they want to achieve.