A recording of a student speaking used to provide information about their ability to use language, as well as their vocabulary, articulations, syntax, and semantics.

The modification of typical instruction to better understand specifics about a student’s receptive to expressive language.

The rules by which words are grouped into phrases and sentences that convey meaning.

One or several letters that represent a unit of meaning; a whole word, prefix or suffix.

One or several letters that represent a sound in a word.

A branch of linguistics that focuses on speech sounds.

The use of story to document and reflect on student learning from events of the school day.

Naturalness and markedness are complementary terms to classify speech sounds. Specifically, natural features are thought to be easier to articulate, acquired earlier by children, and more common in/across languages. Marked features, however, are considered more difficult to articulate, acquired later, and are less common across languages.

A pair of words that differ by one phoneme is known as a minimal pair. When the distinguishing phonemes differ minimally, such as by one characteristic, they are considered minimal opposing minimal pairs (/si/ see and /ti/ tea). In contrast, when the distinguishing phonemes differ by many features they are

All three, phones, phonemes, and allophones, are terms for speech sounds depending on how they function in a given language. Specifically, the term phone is used when a speech sound is considered separate from language. Allophones are phonetic variations of a phenome that do not change spoken word meaning, while