Authoritarian parents have high demands and are less responsive and warm toward their children. They emphasize obedience and may enforce behavior with shaming, unexplained punishment, and threats. They’re impatient and unforgiving of mistakes, don’t offer choices to their children, and likely come across as cold and aloof. Children raised by

Permissive parents, too, are highly responsive. The difference is that permissive parents have low demands. They’re very loving toward their children, but they impose few guidelines or boundaries. They rarely attempt to discipline or control their kids. The rules that do exist are likely to be inconsistent and often unenforced.

Authoritative parents demonstrate “high responsiveness and high demands.” They’re extremely warm and responsive to the child’s physical and emotional needs, but they also hold the child to high standards. Expectations and boundaries are clearly and consistently enforced. This parenting style generally produces the best results in children. Children raised by

Is a construct representing standards and approaches that parents use during the course of child rearing.