A text pattern that shows how ideas, acts, and events (causes) can lead to other events or ideas (effects).

Visual representations of ideas that can be used to help students organize their thoughts.

A type of context clue that allows the reader to use reason and the result relation to predict a word’s meaning.

A teaching technique created by Manzo (1969) where students participate in an active discussion of a text. Students will create questions at multiple levels based on modeling received from the teacher. Both students and teachers will answer the questions.

A teaching idea proposed by Raphael that assists students with self-questioning. There are two basic information sources: prior knowledge and the text they are reading. Within each of the information sources, students will find question-answer relationships that help them to develop their self-questioning abilities and focus on the information sources

The incorporation of Common Core standards into lesson plans.

Standards that focus on the ability to work with peers on projects, participate in classroom discussions, understand speakers, create presentations, and use digital media in the classroom.

A three-component model that accounts for the quantitative factors, qualitative factors, reader, and text considerations when determining the overall difficulty of the text.

Standards that define the cross-disciplinary literacy expectations that students must meet in order to be properly prepared for a successful experience at college and workforce training programs.

A principle of the constructivist classroom where teaching is based on proactive planning.