The notion that an object exists despite it being out of sight.

Instinctive, innate, and automatic responses to stimuli. An example includes, eye blinking in response to bright light.

The process of achieving a balance between present understanding and new experiences. According to Piaget, this process is necessary for learning.

Principles of general application that have been meticulously tested and found to apply in a wide variety of situations.

A rationale behind the relationship between various factors, such as the effects of alternative evaluation methods on student motivation.

A branch of psychology concerned with the study of learning and teaching.

A relational status created between the specific or supporting details in a passage and the overall text.

Tools, abilities, and strategies for reading that allow readers to expand upon and develop their knowledge base through literacy.

A learning strategy based on five steps—predict, organize, rehearse, practice, and evaluate—that helps secondary- and college-level students plan, monitor, and assess their reading.

A strategy designed to help students organize information in a text using a structured outline based on six basic comprehension questions: who, what, when, where, why, and how.