Manuel Noriega, a name that still resonates with controversy and intrigue, was once the most powerful figure in Panama. As an educator, it is important to help students understand the life and legacy of such a historical figure as Noriega. This article will provide guidance and resources for effectively teaching students about Manuel Noriega.

Begin with a Brief Biography

Introduce students to the essential facts of Noriega’s life by discussing his background, involvement in the military, and rise to power. Born in 1934 in Panama City, Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno joined the military at a young age and quickly climbed the ranks. His military career took a significant turn in 1968 when he was instrumental in the coup that brought General Omar Torrijos to power.

Under Torrijos’ tutelage, Noriega became heavily involved in espionage activities and was appointed chief of G-2 (Panama’s military intelligence). Following Torrijos’ death in 1981, Noriega consolidated power, effectively becoming Panama’s dictator by 1983.

Discuss Key Events

Bring attention to several key moments from Noriega’s rule that had significant impacts on Panama and international relations:

1. The infamous hostage situation at the Vatican Embassy (1989) – Discuss how it unfolded and how it eventually led to Noriega’s capture by US forces.

2. The Canal Treaty (1977) – Highlight how this agreement between the United States and Panama eventually led to full Panamanian control over the canal in 1999.

3. The Iran-Contra Scandal – Mention how this event revealed Noriega’s involvement in illicit activities such as drug smuggling, money laundering, and arms dealing.

Evaluate the Impact on Panama

It is crucial to discuss both positive and negative aspects of Noriega’s rule in Panama. Some argue that during his reign, crime rates dropped significantly, and economic growth was boosted due to his investments in infrastructure. Conversely, others contend that human rights abuses, censorship, political repression, and rampant corruption overshadowed any positive changes.

Discuss Noriega’s Trial and Imprisonment

Noriega was captured by US forces after the military invasion of Panama in 1989, known as Operation Just Cause. He was brought to the United States, where he stood trial on charges of drug trafficking, racketeering, and money laundering. In 1992, Noriega was found guilty and sentenced to a lengthy prison term. After serving time in the United States and France, he was eventually extradited back to Panama in 2011.

Explore Legacy and Lessons Learned

As you wrap up your lessons on Manuel Noriega, encourage students to reflect on the consequences of power abuse, the importance of ethical leadership, and the resilience of Panama in overcoming the challenges resulting from Noriega’s dictatorship.

Provide Resources for Further Study

Finally, equip students with appropriate resources for further exploration of Manuel Noriega’s life and legacy. Recommended sources include:

1. Books: “Our Man in Panama” by John Dinges or “In the Time of Tyrants” by R.M Koster.

2. Documentaries: PBS Frontline’s “The Dictator Next Door” or History Channel’s “Betrayal! The Story of Aldrich Ames.”

3. News articles: Archival news stories from reputable sources like The New York Times or The Washington Post.

Teaching students about Manuel Noriega is a valuable opportunity to explore themes like dictatorship, international relations, human rights abuses, and political ethics.